Chemistry

Identify common rocks and minerals, test simple properties, and relate them to everyday uses.

Differentiate states of matter and characteristic properties like density, hardness, and elasticity.

Survey renewable and non‑renewable resources and discuss their conservation and sustainable use.

Trace evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection, and connect the cycle to climate and life.

Recognize acids/bases, indicators, and neutralization; relate pH to household substances and safety.

Follow the evolution of atomic models and how evidence led to the modern view of atoms and electrons.

Decompose compounds using electricity and interpret ion movement at electrodes in real processes.

Link particle models to observable properties such as diffusion, compressibility, and phase change.

Understand relative atomic mass and the amu scale used to compare particle masses.

Distinguish chemical from physical change using evidence like gas, heat, precipitate, and color change.

Extend analysis of chemical change to multi‑step reactions and everyday transformations.

Explain diffusion using particle motion, temperature effects, and examples in air and liquids.

Classify elements, symbols, and simple periodic patterns to predict basic properties.

Explore polarity, cohesion, adhesion, and why water is an exceptional solvent.

Recognize common radicals (ions) and combine them to form and name ionic compounds.

Compare ionic and covalent bonding, predict formulae, and relate bonding to melting point and solubility.

Use groups and periods to infer valence, trends, and likely chemical behavior of elements.